I think I can help with some of your issues:
Feature Libraries: For feature library default location, you can set the path in Options. File --> Options, General --> File Locations. For the default feature library of a new project, that is in the project template (VCT). You can save an option file by clicking "Manage Options" in the lower left corner and exporting a configuration file. I usually keep these sorts of things on a network drive so that I can quickly get a new computer going.
Templates: Set the default template location to a shared directory that all supported users can access. Then you can share your 'options' file with them that has that location (and the other options) applied to it. I believe all of these files overwrite existing options and customizations.
Macros: Those might take a little bit of work, but they are all in the same folder, so it is pretty easy to share, as long as the recipient has rights to place them in C:\ProgramData\Trimble\MacroCommands3.
Ribbon and quick access toolbar: Right click in an open portion of the ribbon. Select "Customize Quick Access Toolbar" or "Customize Ribbon". From each of those you can create a configuration file by clicking 'Export' and share that with others.